public @Interface Query

Annotates a repository method as a query method, specifying a query written in Jakarta Data Query Language (JDQL) or in Jakarta Persistence Query Language (JPQL). A Jakarta Data provider is not required to support the complete JPQL language, which targets relational data stores. However, a given provider might offer features of JPQL which go beyond the subset required by JDQL, or might even offer vendor-specific extensions to JDQL which target particular capabilities of the target data store technology. Such extensions come with no guarantee of portability between providers, nor between databases.

The required value member specifies the JDQL or JPQL query as a string.

For select statements, the return type of the query method must be consistent with the type returned by the query. For update or delete statements, it must be void, int or long.

Compared to SQL, JDQL allows an abbreviated syntax for select statements:

• The from clause is optional in JDQL. When it is missing, the queried entity is determined by the return type of the repository method, or, if the return type is not an entity type, by the primary entity type of the repository.
• The select clause is optional in both JDQL and JPQL. When it is missing, the query returns the queried entity.

A query might involve:

• named parameters of form :name where the labels name are legal Java identifiers, or
• ordinal parameters of form ?n where the labels n are sequential positive integers starting from 1.

A given query must not mix named and ordinal parameters.

Each parameter of an annotated query method must either:

• have exactly the same name (the parameter name in the Java source, or a name assigned by @Param) and type as a named parameter of the query,
• have exactly the same type and position within the parameter list of the method as a positional parameter of the query, or
• be of type Limit, Order, PageRequest, or Sort.

The Param annotation associates a method parameter with a named parameter. The Param annotation is unnecessary when the method parameter name matches the name of a named parameter and the application is compiled with the -parameters compiler option making parameter names available at runtime.

A method parameter is associated with an ordinal parameter by its position in the method parameter list. The first parameter of the method is associated with the ordinal parameter ?1.

For example,

@Repository
public interface People extends CrudRepository<Person, Long> {

    // JDQL with positional parameters
    @Query("where firstName = ?1 and lastName = ?2")
    List<Person> byName(String first, String last);

    // JDQL with a named parameter
    @Query("where firstName || ' ' || lastName like :pattern")
    List<Person> byName(String pattern);

    // JPQL using a positional parameter
    @Query("from Person where extract(year from birthdate) = ?1")
    List<Person> bornIn(int year);

    // JPQL using named parameters
    @Query("select distinct name from Person " +
           "where length(name) >= :min and length(name) <= :max")
    Page<String> namesOfLength(@Param("min") int minLength,
                               @Param("max") int maxLength,
                               PageRequest pageRequest,
                               Order<Person> order);

    ...
}

A method annotated with @Query must return one of the following types:

• the query result type R, when the query returns a single result,
• Optional<R>, when the query returns at most a single result,
• an array type R[],
• List<R>,
• Stream<R>, or
• Page<R> or CursoredPage<R>.

The method returns an object for every query result.

• If the return type of the annotated method is R or Optional<R> and more than one record satisfies the query restriction, the method must throw jakarta.data.exceptions.NonUniqueResultException.
• If the return type of the annotated method is R and no record satisfies the query restriction, the method must throw jakarta.data.exceptions.EmptyResultException.

Annotations such as @Find, @Query, @Insert, @Update, @Delete, and @Save are mutually-exclusive. A given method of a repository interface may have at most one @Find annotation, lifecycle annotation, or query annotation.