Top Description Inners Fields Constructors Methods
org.lwjgl.cuda

public Class CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC

extends Struct<CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC>
implements NativeResource
Class Inheritance
All Implemented Interfaces
org.lwjgl.system.NativeResource, java.lang.AutoCloseable
Imports
javax.annotation.*, java.nio.*, org.lwjgl.*, org.lwjgl.system.*

Layout


struct CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC {
    unsigned long long offset;
    unsigned long long size;
    unsigned int flags;
    unsigned int reserved[16];
}

Nested and Inner Type Summary

Modifier and TypeClass and Description
public static class

Field Summary

Modifier and TypeField and Description
public static final int
ALIGNOF

The struct alignment in bytes.

public static final int
FLAGS

The struct member offsets.

public static final int
OFFSET

The struct member offsets.

public static final int
RESERVED

The struct member offsets.

public static final int
SIZE

The struct member offsets.

public static final int
SIZEOF

The struct size in bytes.

Inherited from org.lwjgl.system.Struct:
containerDEFAULT_ALIGN_ASDEFAULT_PACK_ALIGNMENT

Constructor Summary

AccessConstructor and Description
protected
public
CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC(ByteBuffer container)

Creates a CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC instance at the current position of the specified ByteBuffer container.

Method Summary

Modifier and TypeMethod and Description
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
calloc()

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC instance allocated with memCalloc.

public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
calloc(int
the buffer capacity
capacity
)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer instance allocated with memCalloc.

public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
calloc(MemoryStack
the stack from which to allocate
stack
)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC instance allocated on the specified MemoryStack and initializes all its bits to zero.

public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
calloc(int
the buffer capacity
capacity
,
MemoryStack
the stack from which to allocate
stack
)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer instance allocated on the specified MemoryStack and initializes all its bits to zero.

public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
callocStack()

Deprecated
Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0.
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
callocStack(MemoryStack stack)

Deprecated
Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0.
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
callocStack(int capacity)

Deprecated
Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0.
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
callocStack(int capacity, MemoryStack stack)

Deprecated
Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0.
protected CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
create(long
the struct memory address
address
,
ByteBuffer
an optional container buffer, to be referenced strongly by the struct instance.
container
)

Implements abstract org.lwjgl.system.Struct.create.

Similar to the constructor, but returns the exact type of the Struct subclass.
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
create()

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC instance allocated with BufferUtils.

public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
create(long address)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC instance for the specified memory address.

public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
create(int
the buffer capacity
capacity
)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer instance allocated with BufferUtils.

public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
create(long
the memory address
address
,
int
the buffer capacity
capacity
)

Create a CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer instance at the specified memory.

public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
createSafe(long address)

Like create, but returns null if address is NULL.

public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
createSafe(long address, int capacity)

Like create, but returns null if address is NULL.

public int

Returns:

the value of the flags field.
flags
()

public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
flags(int value)

Sets the specified value to the flags field.

public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
malloc()

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC instance allocated with memAlloc.

public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
malloc(int
the buffer capacity
capacity
)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer instance allocated with memAlloc.

public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
malloc(MemoryStack
the stack from which to allocate
stack
)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC instance allocated on the specified MemoryStack.

public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
malloc(int
the buffer capacity
capacity
,
MemoryStack
the stack from which to allocate
stack
)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer instance allocated on the specified MemoryStack.

public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
mallocStack()

Deprecated
Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0.
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
mallocStack(MemoryStack stack)

Deprecated
Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0.
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
mallocStack(int capacity)

Deprecated
Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0.
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
mallocStack(int capacity, MemoryStack stack)

Deprecated
Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0.
public static int
nflags(long struct)

Unsafe version of flags.

public static void
nflags(long struct, int value)

Unsafe version of flags.

public static long
noffset(long struct)

Unsafe version of offset.

public static void
noffset(long struct, long value)

Unsafe version of offset.

public static IntBuffer
nreserved(long struct)

Unsafe version of reserved.

public static int
nreserved(long struct, int index)

Unsafe version of reserved.

public static void
nreserved(long struct, IntBuffer value)

Unsafe version of reserved.

public static void
nreserved(long struct, int index, int value)

Unsafe version of reserved.

public static long
nsize(long struct)

Unsafe version of size.

public static void
nsize(long struct, long value)

Unsafe version of size.

public long

Returns:

the value of the offset field.
offset
()

public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
offset(long value)

Sets the specified value to the offset field.

public IntBuffer

Returns:

a IntBuffer view of the reserved field.
reserved
()

public int

Returns:

the value at the specified index of the reserved field.
reserved
(int index)

public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
reserved(IntBuffer value)

Copies the specified IntBuffer to the reserved field.

public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
reserved(int index, int value)

Sets the specified value at the specified index of the reserved field.

public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
set(long offset, long size, int flags, IntBuffer reserved)

Initializes this struct with the specified values.

public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC

Returns:

this struct
set
(CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
the source struct
src
)

Copies the specified struct data to this struct.

public long

Returns:

the value of the size field.
size
()

public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
size(long value)

Sets the specified value to the size field.

public int
sizeof()

Implements abstract org.lwjgl.system.Struct.sizeof.

Returns sizeof(struct).
Inherited from org.lwjgl.system.Struct:
__array__array__array__checkContainer__checkMalloc__create__getContainer__getContainer__member__member__member__padding__padding__struct__struct__union__unionclearfreeisNullvalidate

Field Detail

ALIGNOFback to summary
public static final int ALIGNOF

The struct alignment in bytes.

FLAGSback to summary
public static final int FLAGS

The struct member offsets.

OFFSETback to summary
public static final int OFFSET

The struct member offsets.

RESERVEDback to summary
public static final int RESERVED

The struct member offsets.

SIZEback to summary
public static final int SIZE

The struct member offsets.

SIZEOFback to summary
public static final int SIZEOF

The struct size in bytes.

Constructor Detail

CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESCback to summary
protected CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC(long address, ByteBuffer container)
CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESCback to summary
public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC(ByteBuffer container)

Creates a CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC instance at the current position of the specified ByteBuffer container. Changes to the buffer's content will be visible to the struct instance and vice versa.

The created instance holds a strong reference to the container object.

Method Detail

callocback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC calloc()

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC instance allocated with memCalloc. The instance must be explicitly freed.

callocback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer calloc(int capacity)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer instance allocated with memCalloc. The instance must be explicitly freed.

Parameters
capacity:int

the buffer capacity

callocback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC calloc(MemoryStack stack)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC instance allocated on the specified MemoryStack and initializes all its bits to zero.

Parameters
stack:MemoryStack

the stack from which to allocate

callocback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer calloc(int capacity, MemoryStack stack)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer instance allocated on the specified MemoryStack and initializes all its bits to zero.

Parameters
capacity:int

the buffer capacity

stack:MemoryStack

the stack from which to allocate

callocStackback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC callocStack()

Deprecated

Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0. Use calloc(MemoryStack) instead.

Annotations
@Deprecated
callocStackback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC callocStack(MemoryStack stack)

Deprecated

Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0. Use calloc(MemoryStack) instead.

Annotations
@Deprecated
callocStackback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer callocStack(int capacity)

Deprecated

Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0. Use calloc(int, MemoryStack) instead.

Annotations
@Deprecated
callocStackback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer callocStack(int capacity, MemoryStack stack)

Deprecated

Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0. Use calloc(int, MemoryStack) instead.

Annotations
@Deprecated
createback to summary
protected CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC create(long address, ByteBuffer container)

Implements abstract org.lwjgl.system.Struct.create.

Doc from org.lwjgl.system.Struct.create.

Similar to the constructor, but returns the exact type of the Struct subclass.

Effectively, every Struct instance is a factory for more instances of the same type. This is used by StructBuffer.

Parameters
address:long

the struct memory address

container:ByteBuffer

an optional container buffer, to be referenced strongly by the struct instance.

Annotations
@Override
createback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC create()

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC instance allocated with BufferUtils.

createback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC create(long address)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC instance for the specified memory address.

createback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer create(int capacity)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer instance allocated with BufferUtils.

Parameters
capacity:int

the buffer capacity

createback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer create(long address, int capacity)

Create a CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer instance at the specified memory.

Parameters
address:long

the memory address

capacity:int

the buffer capacity

createSafeback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC createSafe(long address)

Like create, but returns null if address is NULL.

Annotations
@Nullable
createSafeback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer createSafe(long address, int capacity)

Like create, but returns null if address is NULL.

Annotations
@Nullable
flagsback to summary
public int flags()
Returns:int

the value of the flags field.

Annotations
@NativeType:unsigned int
flagsback to summary
public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC flags(int value)

Sets the specified value to the flags field.

mallocback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC malloc()

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC instance allocated with memAlloc. The instance must be explicitly freed.

mallocback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer malloc(int capacity)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer instance allocated with memAlloc. The instance must be explicitly freed.

Parameters
capacity:int

the buffer capacity

mallocback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC malloc(MemoryStack stack)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC instance allocated on the specified MemoryStack.

Parameters
stack:MemoryStack

the stack from which to allocate

mallocback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer malloc(int capacity, MemoryStack stack)

Returns a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer instance allocated on the specified MemoryStack.

Parameters
capacity:int

the buffer capacity

stack:MemoryStack

the stack from which to allocate

mallocStackback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC mallocStack()

Deprecated

Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0. Use malloc(MemoryStack) instead.

Annotations
@Deprecated
mallocStackback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC mallocStack(MemoryStack stack)

Deprecated

Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0. Use malloc(MemoryStack) instead.

Annotations
@Deprecated
mallocStackback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer mallocStack(int capacity)

Deprecated

Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0. Use malloc(int, MemoryStack) instead.

Annotations
@Deprecated
mallocStackback to summary
public static CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer mallocStack(int capacity, MemoryStack stack)

Deprecated

Deprecated for removal in 3.4.0. Use malloc(int, MemoryStack) instead.

Annotations
@Deprecated
nflagsback to summary
public static int nflags(long struct)

Unsafe version of flags.

nflagsback to summary
public static void nflags(long struct, int value)

Unsafe version of flags.

noffsetback to summary
public static long noffset(long struct)

Unsafe version of offset.

noffsetback to summary
public static void noffset(long struct, long value)

Unsafe version of offset.

nreservedback to summary
public static IntBuffer nreserved(long struct)

Unsafe version of reserved.

nreservedback to summary
public static int nreserved(long struct, int index)

Unsafe version of reserved.

nreservedback to summary
public static void nreserved(long struct, IntBuffer value)

Unsafe version of reserved.

nreservedback to summary
public static void nreserved(long struct, int index, int value)

Unsafe version of reserved.

nsizeback to summary
public static long nsize(long struct)

Unsafe version of size.

nsizeback to summary
public static void nsize(long struct, long value)

Unsafe version of size.

offsetback to summary
public long offset()
Returns:long

the value of the offset field.

Annotations
@NativeType:unsigned long long
offsetback to summary
public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC offset(long value)

Sets the specified value to the offset field.

reservedback to summary
public IntBuffer reserved()
Returns:IntBuffer

a IntBuffer view of the reserved field.

Annotations
@NativeType:unsigned int[16]
reservedback to summary
public int reserved(int index)
Returns:int

the value at the specified index of the reserved field.

Annotations
@NativeType:unsigned int
reservedback to summary
public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC reserved(IntBuffer value)

Copies the specified IntBuffer to the reserved field.

reservedback to summary
public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC reserved(int index, int value)

Sets the specified value at the specified index of the reserved field.

setback to summary
public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC set(long offset, long size, int flags, IntBuffer reserved)

Initializes this struct with the specified values.

setback to summary
public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC set(CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC src)

Copies the specified struct data to this struct.

Parameters
src:CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC

the source struct

Returns:CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC

this struct

sizeback to summary
public long size()
Returns:long

the value of the size field.

Annotations
@NativeType:unsigned long long
sizeback to summary
public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC size(long value)

Sets the specified value to the size field.

sizeofback to summary
public int sizeof()

Implements abstract org.lwjgl.system.Struct.sizeof.

Doc from org.lwjgl.system.Struct.sizeof.

Returns sizeof(struct).

Annotations
@Override
org.lwjgl.cuda back to summary

public Class CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer

extends StructBuffer<CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC, CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer>
implements NativeResource
Class Inheritance
All Implemented Interfaces
org.lwjgl.system.NativeResource, java.lang.AutoCloseable

An array of CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC structs.

Field Summary

Modifier and TypeField and Description
private static final CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC

Constructor Summary

AccessConstructor and Description
public
Buffer(ByteBuffer container)

Creates a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer instance backed by the specified container.

public
Buffer(long address, int cap)

pack-priv
Buffer(long address, ByteBuffer container, int mark, int pos, int lim, int cap)

Method Summary

Modifier and TypeMethod and Description
public int

Returns:

the value of the flags field.
flags
()

public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
flags(int value)

Sets the specified value to the flags field.

protected CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC
public long

Returns:

the value of the offset field.
offset
()

public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
offset(long value)

Sets the specified value to the offset field.

public IntBuffer

Returns:

a IntBuffer view of the reserved field.
reserved
()

public int

Returns:

the value at the specified index of the reserved field.
reserved
(int index)

public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
reserved(IntBuffer value)

Copies the specified IntBuffer to the reserved field.

public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
reserved(int index, int value)

Sets the specified value at the specified index of the reserved field.

protected CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
public long

Returns:

the value of the size field.
size
()

public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer
size(long value)

Sets the specified value to the size field.

Inherited from org.lwjgl.system.StructBuffer:
applyapplyforEachgetgetgetgetiteratorparallelStreamputputsizeofspliteratorstream

Field Detail

ELEMENT_FACTORYback to summary
private static final CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC ELEMENT_FACTORY

Constructor Detail

Bufferback to summary
public Buffer(ByteBuffer container)

Creates a new CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer instance backed by the specified container.

Changes to the container's content will be visible to the struct buffer instance and vice versa. The two buffers' position, limit, and mark values will be independent. The new buffer's position will be zero, its capacity and its limit will be the number of bytes remaining in this buffer divided by CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC#SIZEOF, and its mark will be undefined.

The created buffer instance holds a strong reference to the container object.

Bufferback to summary
public Buffer(long address, int cap)
Bufferback to summary
pack-priv Buffer(long address, ByteBuffer container, int mark, int pos, int lim, int cap)

Method Detail

flagsback to summary
public int flags()
Returns:int

the value of the flags field.

Annotations
@NativeType:unsigned int
flagsback to summary
public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer flags(int value)

Sets the specified value to the flags field.

getElementFactoryback to summary
protected CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC getElementFactory()

Implements abstract org.lwjgl.system.StructBuffer.getElementFactory.

Annotations
@Override
offsetback to summary
public long offset()
Returns:long

the value of the offset field.

Annotations
@NativeType:unsigned long long
offsetback to summary
public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer offset(long value)

Sets the specified value to the offset field.

reservedback to summary
public IntBuffer reserved()
Returns:IntBuffer

a IntBuffer view of the reserved field.

Annotations
@NativeType:unsigned int[16]
reservedback to summary
public int reserved(int index)
Returns:int

the value at the specified index of the reserved field.

Annotations
@NativeType:unsigned int
reservedback to summary
public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer reserved(IntBuffer value)

Copies the specified IntBuffer to the reserved field.

reservedback to summary
public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer reserved(int index, int value)

Sets the specified value at the specified index of the reserved field.

selfback to summary
protected CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer self()

Implements abstract org.lwjgl.system.CustomBuffer.self.

Annotations
@Override
sizeback to summary
public long size()
Returns:long

the value of the size field.

Annotations
@NativeType:unsigned long long
sizeback to summary
public CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_DESC.Buffer size(long value)

Sets the specified value to the size field.