Pops the top two (integer) literals and pushes their sum.

Pops the top (string) literal, adds a .' to it if the last non '}' character isn't a .', ?', or !', and pushes this resulting string.

Pops the top two (string) literals; it changes the case of the second according to the specifications of the first, as follows. (Note: The word letters' in the next sentence refers only to those at brace-level 0, the top-most brace level; no other characters are changed, except perhaps for \special characters", described in Section 4.) If the first literal is the string t', it converts to lower case all letters except the very first character in the string, which it leaves alone, and except the first character following any colon and then nonnull white space, which it also leaves alone; if it's the string l', it converts all letters to lower case; and if it's the string u', it converts all letters to upper case. It then pushes this resulting string. If either type is incorrect, it complains and pushes the null string; however, if both types are correct but the specification string (i.e., the first string) isn't one of the legal ones, it merely pushes the second back onto the stack, after complaining. (Another

Pops the top (string) literal, makes sure it's a single character, converts it to the corresponding ASCII integer, and pushes this integer.

Pops the top two (string) literals, concatenates them (in reverse order, that is, the order in which pushed), and pushes the resulting string.

Pops the top literal from the stack and pushes two copies of it.

Pops the top literal and pushes the integer 1 if it's a missing field or a string having no non-white-space characters, 0 otherwise.

Pops the top two (both integer or both string) literals, compares them, and pushes the integer 1 if they're equal, 0 otherwise.

The |built_in| function {.{format.name$}} pops the top three literals (ordered):

• String: format string, as described in the \BibTeX\ documentation.
• Integer: number of the name to format, starting with 1
• String: name list (each name corresponding to a person).

Finally, this function pushes the formatted name. If any of the types is incorrect, it complains and pushes an empty string.

Pops the top three literals (they are two function literals and an integer literal, in that order); if the integer is greater than 0, it executes the second literal, else it executes the first.

Pops the top (integer) literal, interpreted as the ASCII integer value of a single character, converts it to the corresponding single-character string, and pushes this string.

Pops the top (integer) literal, converts it to its (unique) string equivalent, and pushes this string.

Pops the top two (integer) literals, compares them, and pushes the integer 1 if the second is greater than the first, 0 otherwise.

Pops the top two (integer) literals, compares them, and pushes the integer 1 if the second is lower than the first, 0 otherwise.

Pops the top literal and pushes the integer 1 if it's a missing field, 0 otherwise.

Writes onto the bbl file what is accumulated in the output buffer. It writes a blank line if and only if the output buffer is empty. Since write$ does reasonable line breaking, you should use this function only when you want a blank line or an explicit line break.

Pops the top (string) literal and pushes the number of names the string represents one plus the number of occurrences of the substring "and" (ignoring case differences) surrounded by non-null white-space at the top brace level.

Pops the top of the stack but doesn't print it; this gets rid of an unwanted stack literal.

The |built_in| function {.{preamble$}} pushes onto the stack the concatenation of all the .{preamble} strings read from the database files. (or the empty string if there were none) '@PREAMBLE' strings are read from the database files.

Pops the top (string) literal, removes nonalphanumeric characters except for white-space characters and hyphens and ties (these all get converted to a space), removes certain alphabetic characters contained in the control sequences associated with a \special character", and pushes the resulting string.

Pushes the string consisting of the double-quote character.

Does nothing.

Pops and prints the whole stack; it's meant to be used for style designers while debugging.

Pops the top two (integer) literals and pushes their difference (the first subtracted from the second).

Swaps the top two literals on the stack. text.length$ Pops the top (string) literal, and pushes the number of text characters it contains, where an accented character (more precisely, a \special character", defined in Section 4) counts as a single text character, even if it's missing its matching right brace, and where braces don't count as text characters.

text.length$ Pops the top (string) literal, and pushes the number of text characters it contains, where an accented character (more precisely, a "special character", defined in Section 4) counts as a single text character, even if it's missing its matching right brace, and where braces don't count as text characters.

From BibTeXing: For the purposes of counting letters in labels, BibTEX considers everything contained inside the braces as a single letter.

Pops the top two literals (the integer literal len and a string literal, in that order). It pushes the substring of the (at most) len consecutive text characters starting from the beginning of the string. This function is similar to substring$, but this one considers a \special character", even if it's missing its matching right brace, to be a single text character (rather than however many ASCII characters it actually comprises), and this function doesn't consider braces to be text characters; furthermore, this function appends any needed matching right braces.

Pops and prints the top of the stack to the log file. It's useful for debugging.

Pops the top (string) literal and prints it following a warning message. This also increments a count of the number of warning messages issued.

Pops the top two (function) literals, and keeps executing the second as long as the (integer) literal left on the stack by executing the first is greater than 0.

The |built_in| function {.{width$}} pops the top (string) literal and pushes the integer that represents its width in units specified by the |char_width| array. This function takes the literal literally; that is, it assumes each character in the string is to be printed as is, regardless of whether the character has a special meaning to \TeX, except that special characters (even without their |right_brace|s) are handled specially. If the literal isn't a string, it complains and pushes~0.

Pops the top (string) literal and writes it on the output buffer (which will result in stuff being written onto the bbl file when the buffer fills up).