public final Class ProcessBuilder

Each ProcessBuilder instance manages a collection of process attributes. The start() method creates a new Process instance with those attributes. The start() method can be invoked repeatedly from the same instance to create new subprocesses with identical or related attributes.

The startPipeline method can be invoked to create a pipeline of new processes that send the output of each process directly to the next process. Each process has the attributes of its respective ProcessBuilder.

Each process builder manages these process attributes:

• a command, a list of strings which signifies the external program file to be invoked and its arguments, if any. Which string lists represent a valid operating system command is system-dependent. For example, it is common for each conceptual argument to be an element in this list, but there are operating systems where programs are expected to tokenize command line strings themselves - on such a system a Java implementation might require commands to contain exactly two elements.
• an environment, which is a system-dependent mapping from variables to values. The initial value is a copy of the environment of the current process (see System#getenv()).
• a working directory. The default value is the current working directory of the current process, usually the directory named by the system property user.dir.
• a source of standard input. By default, the subprocess reads input from a pipe. Java code can access this pipe via the output stream returned by Process#getOutputStream(). However, standard input may be redirected to another source using redirectInput. In this case, Process#getOutputStream() will return a null output stream, for which:
  • the write methods always throw IOException
  • the close method does nothing
• a destination for standard output and standard error. By default, the subprocess writes standard output and standard error to pipes. Java code can access these pipes via the input streams returned by Process#getInputStream() and Process#getErrorStream(). However, standard output and standard error may be redirected to other destinations using redirectOutput and redirectError. In this case, Process#getInputStream() and/or Process#getErrorStream() will return a null input stream, for which:
  • the read methods always return -1
  • the available method always returns 0
  • the close method does nothing
• a redirectErrorStream property. Initially, this property is false, meaning that the standard output and error output of a subprocess are sent to two separate streams, which can be accessed using the Process#getInputStream() and Process#getErrorStream() methods.

  If the value is set to true, then:

  • standard error is merged with the standard output and always sent to the same destination (this makes it easier to correlate error messages with the corresponding output)
  • the common destination of standard error and standard output can be redirected using redirectOutput
  • any redirection set by the redirectError method is ignored when creating a subprocess
  • the stream returned from Process#getErrorStream() will always be a null input stream

Modifying a process builder's attributes will affect processes subsequently started by that object's start() method, but will never affect previously started processes or the Java process itself.

Most error checking is performed by the start() method. It is possible to modify the state of an object so that start() will fail. For example, setting the command attribute to an empty list will not throw an exception unless start() is invoked.

Note that this class is not synchronized. If multiple threads access a ProcessBuilder instance concurrently, and at least one of the threads modifies one of the attributes structurally, it must be synchronized externally.

Starting a new process which uses the default working directory and environment is easy:

Process p = new ProcessBuilder("myCommand", "myArg").start();

Here is an example that starts a process with a modified working directory and environment, and redirects standard output and error to be appended to a log file:

ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder("myCommand", "myArg1", "myArg2");
Map<String, String> env = pb.environment();
env.put("VAR1", "myValue");
env.remove("OTHERVAR");
env.put("VAR2", env.get("VAR1") + "suffix");

pb.directory(new File("myDir"));
File log = new File("log");
pb.redirectErrorStream(true);
pb.redirectOutput(Redirect.appendTo(log));

Process p = pb.start();
assert pb.redirectInput() == Redirect.PIPE;
assert pb.redirectOutput().file() == log;
assert p.getInputStream().read() == -1;

To start a process with an explicit set of environment variables, first call Map.clear() before adding environment variables.

Unless otherwise noted, passing a null argument to a constructor or method in this class will cause a NullPointerException to be thrown.